![]() ![]() Security gains are only observed when the blocklist is much larger. In each case, we had a small (four-digit: 27 PINs six-digit: 29 PINs), a large (four-digit: 2,740 PINs six-digit: 291,000 PINs), and a placebo blocklist that always excluded the first-choice PIN.įor four-digit PINs, we find that the relatively small blocklist in use today by iOS offers little to no benefit against a throttled guessing attack. We extracted both blocklists and compared them with six other blocklists, three for each PIN length. Two such blocklists are in use today by iOS, for four digits (274 PINs) as well as six digits (2,910 PINs). We also study the effects of blocklists, where a set of "easy to guess" PINs is disallowed during selection. We find that against a throttled attacker (with 10, 30, or 100 guesses, matching the smartphone unlock setting), using six-digit PINs instead of four-digit PINs provides little to no increase in security and surprisingly may even decrease security. In this article, we provide the first comprehensive study of user-chosen four- and six-digit PINs (n=1,705) collected on smartphones with participants being explicitly primed for device unlocking. Our work appeared at the 41st IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (IEEE SP '20). Extended Paper Includes new data about 6-digit PINs and an extended analysis.#Īn extended version of our work appeared in the ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security (ACM TOPS '21, Vol. When two or more PINs share the same frequency, i.e., it is not possible to directly determine a guessing order, we ordered those PINs using a Markov model. Our attacker guesses PINs in decreasing probability order based on the Amitay-4-digit and RockYou-6-digit datasets. PINs are extracted from consecutive sequences of exactly n-digits in leaked password data.īy following this method, we extracted 6-digit PINs from the RockYou password leak, which we refer to as RockYou-6-digit (2,758,490 PINs).įor comparison, we also provide a 4-digit version of the RockYou dataset (1,780,587 PINs). The app mimicked a lock screen allowing users to set a 4-digit PIN.Īmitay anonymously and surreptitiously collected 4-digit PINs (204,432).Īs there was no similar 6-digit PIN data available to inform our attacker, we relied on 6-digit PINs extracted from the RockYou password leak, similar to Bonneau et al. The 100 most common passwords are listed in a separate section these may not be used as passwords.Before our user study, the most realistic set of 4-digit PINs was from 2011, where Daniel Amitay developed the iOS application "Big Brother Camera Security." They are not duplicated here for space and because Wikipedia:Password strength requirements currently uses the number 10,000, but checking them would not be a terrible idea. Lists of the top 100,000 and 1,000,000 passwords are also available from the OWASP project. It may also be useful to browse the file to see how secure-looking a completely insecure password can appear. To use this list you can do a search within your browser (control-F or command-F) to see whether your password comes up, without transmitting your information over the Internet. "experienced" at 9975 and "doom" at 9983) hint this may not be a sorted list. The passwords were listed in a numerical order, but the blocks of entries and positions of some simpler entries (e.g. It represents the top 10,000 passwords from a list of 10 million compiled by Mark Burnett for other specific attribution see the readme file. The OWASP project publishes its SecList software content as CC-by-SA 3.0 this page takes no position on whether the list data is subject to database copyright or public domain. This particular list originates from the OWASP SecLists Project ( ) and is copied from its content on GitHub ( ) to link it more conveniently from Wikipedia. The passwords may then be tried against any account online that can be linked to the first, to test for passwords reused on other sites. Usually passwords are not tried one-by-one against a system's secure server online instead a hacker might manage to gain access to a shadowed password file protected by a one-way encryption algorithm, then test each entry in a file like this to see whether its encrypted form matches what the server has on record. ![]() A hacker can use or generate files like this, which may readily be compiled from breaches of sites such as Ashley Madison. ![]() If your password is on this list of 10,000 most common passwords, you need a new password. ![]()
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